DIFFERENT TYPES OF INCIDENT

In order to rate the severity aspect of risk assessment many organisations make a distinction between various types of incident.

Ill-health — hazard with the potential to cause ill-health. Typical examples of ill-health conditions include occupational asthma, asbestosis, hand arm vibration syndrome. 

Injury accident — may be subdivided into fatals, major injuries, over three day injuries and minor injuries. These are safety related events and include cuts, bruises, fractures, amputations etc.

Dangerous occurrence - the precise definition of a dangerous occurrence will vary from country to country and their national accident reporting requirements It is used to cover an undesirable event (as specified by the national government), such as a scaffold collapse which does not result in a reportable injury but could have done so, in slightly different circumstance, 

for example: 

• Collapse, overturning or failure of lifting machinery. 
• Collapse of a building or structure, explosion or fire, escape of flammable substances and escape of substances 

A Near Miss (or incident) is an unplanned, uncontrolled event that has not led to injury, damage or some other loss this time, but could have in slightly different circumstances. Examples include: articles falling near to people, short-circuits on electrical equipment. It is critical to record and analyse near misses as they are warnings of more serious accidents to come unless corrective action is taken - see Accident Ratios 

Damage only accidents are accidents which only cause damage to plant, materials, and premises. Workplace fires are a good example of such an event, where no one is injured but there is considerable property, materials and equipment damage.

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Common Causes of Fire in Businesses

Open Flames

• negligence in conducting hot work, such as welding, cutting or grinding; 
• improper use of candles;
• improper handling of flammable or combustible liquids or flammable gases in near-to-potential ignition sources; and
• matches and cigarettes that are improperly disposed of, or left unattended near combustibles.

Electrical

• damaged electrical conductors, plug wires or extension cords;
• use of faulty, modified or unapproved electrical equipment;
• insufficient space or clearance between electrical heating equipment and combustibles;
• short or overloaded circuits;
• loose electrical connections; and lighting.

Cooking

• deep frying in pots or pans on stove tops;
• unattended cooking appliances; and
• combustibles located dangerously close to cooking equipment.

Spontaneous Ignition and the Ignition of Waste Materials

• improper disposal of materials susceptible to spontaneous combustion, such as oily rags from wood finishing or polishing;
• accumulation of organic materials, such as green hay, grain or woodchips; and
• accumulation of waste combustible materials near potential sources of ignition.

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Possible Sources of Ignition and Potential fuel hazards

Possible Sources of Ignition are:-

• Defective electrical fittings and defective or misuse of electrical apparatus - light bulbs and fluorescent tubes too close to combustible materials, misuse or defective electrical extension leads and adapters, faulty or damaged wiring.
• Matches, Lighters, Candles and Smoking materials. 
• Flame or sparks from a work process such as welding, cutting, grinding or the use of a hot air gun. 
• Sources of frictional heat.
• Electrostatic discharges. 
• Ovens, kilns, open hearths, furnaces or incinerators. 
• Boilers, engines and other oil burning equipment.
• Portable heaters.
• Cooking equipment, including deep fat fryers. 
• The threat of arson must not be overlooked and the malicious firing of combustible materials. 

The above list is by no means exhaustive and is provided merely as a guide.

Potential fuel hazards:

• Any combustibles - These can be divided into two main groups; combustible fuels such as paper, wood, cardboard, etc.; and highly combustible fuels such as thinners, solvents, polyurethane foam, etc. 
• Any unsafe procedures or acts - Persons undertaking unsafe acts such as smoking next to combustible materials.
• Any unsafe conditions - These are hazards that may assist a fire to spread in your workplace, e.g. if there are large areas of hardboard or polystyrene tiles etc., or open stairs that can cause a fire to spread quickly, trapping people and involving the whole building. 
• One hazard that is often overlooked is bad housekeeping and is the easiest to correct. It is responsible for many small fires either starting or certainly spreading and involving far more of the premises than was necessary. 

An ideal method of identifying and recording these hazards, is by means of the scaled single line plan. Checklists maybe also be useful.

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MOBILE ELEVATED WORKING PLATFORMS (MEWPS)

MEWPs divide into two categories;

• Boom-type Mobile Elevating Work Platforms (cherry pickers), and
• Scissor lifts

The most common causes of death with MEWPs are falls from height and the second most common cause of serious injuries at work. This guidance is aimed at those who use or control the operations of boom type MEWPs, used across a range of industries including construction. 

The most common accident causes were:

• Unsuitable ground conditions;
• Critical parts of the MEWP failing or malfunctioning; or 
• The MEWP being struck by another vehicle.

Consequently it is critical that these issues are eliminated or properly controlled.

Mobile elevating work platforms can provide excellent safe access to high level work. When using a MEWP make sure that:

• Whoever is operating it is fully trained and competent; 
• The work platform is provided with guard rails and toe boards or other suitable barriers; 
• It is used on firm and level ground. The ground may have to be prepared in advance; 
• Its tyres are properly inflated; 
• Any outriggers are extended and chocked as necessary before raising the platform; and 
• Everyone knows what to do if the machine fails with the platform in the raised position.

Do not:

• Operate MEWPs close to overhead cables or other dangerous machinery;
• Allow a knuckle, or elbow, of the arm to protrude into a traffic route when working near vehicles; 
• Move the equipment with the platform in the raised position unless the equipment is designed to allow this to be done safely (check the manufacturer's instructions). 

Some MEWPs are described as suitable for 'rough terrain'. This usually means that they are safe to use on some uneven or undulating ground - but check their limitations in the manufacturer's handbook before taking them onto unprepared or sloping ground.

Wearing a harness with a fall restraint lanyard attached to the platform can provide extra protection against falls, especially while the platform is in motion.

The selection and use of appropriate personal fall protection equipment used as part of a suitable personal fall protection system. A personal fall protection system is an assembly of individual components. for example, a full body harness and lanyard with or without a shock absorber pack. A variety of equipment is available to prevent a person falling (work restraint) or to save them once they have fallen (fall arrest). 

Fall protection should not be relied upon as the only means of control because if the MEWP is pushed over or falls over being attached to it by a fall protection system is unlikely to prevent you from being injured or killed. For this reason, advice on controlling the risk by ensuring safe site, safe plant and safe operator are an essential part of this guidance.

In the case of scissor lifts fall protection is not normally required, unless a person needs to lean over the guardrail. In this instance, the sections of the guidance that relate to a safe plant, safe site and safe operator is relevant to preventing falls from scissors lifts due to overturning incidents.

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NEBOSH

NEBOSH (The National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and Health) was formed in 1979 as an independent examining board and awarding body with charitable status. NEBOSH provides the entire range of globally-recognized, vocational qualifications designed to meet the health, safety, environmental and risk management which are corner stone of every business both the private and public sectors.

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Reasons for maintaining Health and Safety at work - Moral Reasons

Moral Reasons

It is a prime motivator manage risks at the work place, the employer to maintain moral code within the society. Without it, employers can treat health and safety as low importance than financial profits.

Employer owe a “duty of care” towards his employees, the employee does not expect to risk his life and limb or ill health as, part of his employment.

Society Expects every employer to demonstrate a correct attitude towards health and safety, it is unacceptable to place an employee in a situation where there is a risk to his life.

The Employer has moral obligation to protect his employees and others health and safety who might be affected by their business undertakings, for instance, visitors, trespassers or public etc., 

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Reasons for maintaining Health and Safety at work - Legal Reasons

Legal Reasons

The moral reasons have been turned into health and safety Law, UK’s Common Law judgements. The UK;sHealth and Safety at Work, etc, Act 1974(HSWA), and Regulations made under the law, follows a long list of legal requirements that reinforce the “duty of care”.

Many countries have introduced their own legal duties to protect the workers from harm. The following are the strong reasons for employer to manage risk legally:


Preventive –to prevent enforcement notices (improvement or prohibition) from the enforcement agencies.

Punitive - criminal courts impose fines and imprisonment for breaches of legal
duties. These punishments can be given to the company or to individuals within the
company.

Compensatory – employees / victim can sue employer in the civil courts for compensation.

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